A Not-so-Separate Peace
July 2, 2013 § Leave a comment
Christopher and Tammy Clausell purchased a jointly-titled home in 2003, using a cahsier’s check for $60,000 that was derived from settlement of a personal-injury claim that Christopher had before the marriage, but that he received post-marriage.
In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina, the parties received a joint grant of $98,000, of which they devoted around $78,000 to remodelling the home.
The parties lived together in the home until 2008, when they separated, and, after Christopher filed for a divorce, he was awarded temporary occupancy of it.
In the course of the divorce, the parties entered into a consent, leaving it to the chancellor to decide the equitable distribution of their personal and real property.
In 2011, the chancellor classified the home as marital property. The judge ruled that the facts that the home was the primary marital residence for most of the ten-year marriage, and that it was jointly titled, and that the grant money was invested in it, all supported a finding that it was a marital asset. After applying the Ferguson factors, she ordered that it be sold, with the net profit divided equally between Christopher and Tammy.
Christopher appealed, taking the position that the chancellor was in error in classifying the home as marital property subject to division, since the entire purchase price was paid out of his personal-injury settlement.
In Clausell v. Clausell, decided June 25, 2013, the COA affirmed. Judge Fair, for the majority, explained:
¶9. To equitably divide property, the chancellor must: (1) classify the parties’ assets as marital or separate, (2) value those assets, and (3) equitably divide the marital assets. Hemsley [v. Hemsley], 639 So. 2d at 914; Ferguson [v. Ferguson], 639 So. 2d at 928. Here, the only dispute by either party of the chancellor’s classification of assets as marital or separate and the division of those assets is the classification and division of their jointly titled house. In Johnson v. Johnson, 650 So. 2d 1281, 1287 (Miss. 1994), our supreme court stated that all marital assets are subject to possible equitable distribution in accordance with the factors provided in Ferguson. Marital property is “any and all property acquired or accumulated during the marriage . . . and [is] subject to an equitable distribution by the chancellor.” Hemsley, 639 So. 2d at 915. Further, such marital “[a]ssets acquired or accumulated during the course of a marriage are subject to equitable division unless it can be shown by proof that such assets are attributable to one of the parties’ separate estates prior to the marriage or outside of the marriage.” Id. at 914.
¶10. Christopher mistakenly asserts that the home cannot be marital property because it was purchased with money from his personal-injury settlement from litigation filed before marriage on a cause of action that accrued to him prior to marriage. However, Christopher was married to Tammy when he received the settlement check, and he was married to Tammy when they purchased the home. Further, “nonmarital assets . . . may be converted to marital assets if they are commingled with marital assets or used for familial purposes. Such converted assets are then subject to equitable distribution.” Heigle v. Heigle, 654 So. 2d 895, 897 (Miss. 1995). “The burden is upon one claiming assets to be non-marital to demonstrate to the court their non-marital character.” A & L, Inc. v. Grantham, 747 So. 2d 832, 839 (¶23) (Miss. 1999) (citing Hemsley, 639 So. 2d at 915). “This burden goes beyond a mere demonstration that the asset was acquired prior to marriage.” Id.
¶11. Reversal is warranted “only where the failure to make sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law constitute manifest error.” Selman v. Selman, 722 So. 2d 547, 554 (¶29) (Miss. 1998). In this case, the chancellor set out her considerations in classifying the home as marital under Hemsley and conducted a detailed analysis of all the Ferguson factors in distributing the marital estate. We cannot say that the chancellor abused her discretion in classifying the home as marital and dividing proceeds of its sale equally. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the chancellor.
Understand that if you represent the party seeking to keep an asset separate, you have a substantial burden that “goes beyond a mere demonstration that the asset was acquired prior to the marriage.” You will have to show how the asset retained its separate character, or how it can easily be traced out and re-separated. And your proof must be in the record. If you just dump that on the judge to do and do not make the record, you are planting potent reversible error.
My sense is that it is getting harder and harder to convince the appellate courts that an asset is in any way separate (1) if it has been used in any form or fashion for family use, or (2) if marital money was invested in it, or (3) if there is no pre-marital agreement that it be treated separately despite (1) and/or (2).
As a lawyer, you are in a position to advise clients in advance how to avoid these judicially-created traps. The downside is that, 99% of the time, you are invited to get involved long after the deed is done (no pun intended).
Chancellor Ed Roberts, R.I.P.
July 1, 2013 § 2 Comments
Chancery Judge Ed Roberts of Oxford died this morning after a brief illness.
Still No Retroactive Downward Modification of Child Support
July 1, 2013 § 1 Comment
Every now and then I hear testimony that the party wants me to extend downward modification of child support retroactively, either to the date of filing, or to the date of the event that warranted a reduction in child support.
The answer, as you probably know, is that Mississippi law has long barred retroactive downward modification in child support cases.
In the COA case of Frazier v. Frazier, handed down June 25, 2013, appellant Paul Frazier asked the appellate court to change the rule and allow retroactive reduction, although he apparently had not pled for it at the trial-court level, and he acknowledged his uphill climb on appeal. Judge Fair stated the unanimous court’s opinion:
¶19. Though he did not affirmatively seek retroactive modification of the child support that he did not pay in full, Paul asks this Court to deviate from both long-established case law and legislative mandate and grant him retroactive relief. He begins his brief on appeal by admitting:
This is a case about the retroactive modification of child support. A husband sought a change in support because he had lost his job and was making considerably less than at the time of divorce. The trial court modified the child support. However, it took well over a year to obtain the relief, and in the meantime the husband incurred heavy child support obligations he could not meet.
Despite ordering a modification, the trial court did not order a reduction in his past due child support, even though the husband . . . had timely filed and pursued the modification. In the interests of equity and public policy, the Court must fashion a remedy for good faith litigants who are forced into extreme situations like this one.
¶20. Recently, in A.M.L. v. J.W.L., 98 So. 3d 1001, 1016-17 (¶¶40-42) (Miss. 2012), the Supreme Court of Mississippi addressed that specific issue and manifested its intent to continue adherence to its prior line of cases as well as defer to the statutory provisions of Mississippi Code Annotated section 43-19-34(4) (Rev. 2009), which allows retroactive increases in child support but expressly prohibits retroactive decreases.
¶21. Paul asks us to essentially repeal that statute and overrule a long line of supreme court authority, or at the very least to carve out an exception for decisions unduly delayed through no fault of the obligor. He admits, however, that:
Over twenty years ago, the Supreme Court determined that it would not allow a retroactive modification in child support on public policy grounds. Cumberland v. Cumberland, 564 So. 2d 839, 847 (Miss. 1990). The essential point was that a judicial decree ordered the child support, and a parent should not simply ignore it without leave of court. Id. “The rationale behind this view is not difficult to divine,” the Court held, since it wished to prohibit “self help” when a parent might seek to “modify his or her obligation with impunity.” Id.
After Cumberland, the Legislature saw fit to constrain retroactive modification further. It decreed that “[a]ny order for the support of minor children, whether entered through the judicial system or through an expedited process, shall not be subject to a downward retroactive modification.” Miss. Code Ann. § 43-19-34(4) (the same law allowed an upward retroactive modification).
Paul relies upon and quotes from the four-member special concurrence penned by Justice Pierce in A.M.L., which posits allowing retroactive downward modification at least sparingly and in cases of crowded dockets and dilatory tactics causing unreasonable delay. A.M.L., 98 So. 3d at 1024-25 (¶70). In this case a crowded docket is obvious, but there is no clear evidence of dilatory tactics on Sharon’s part. On the other hand, there is some indication Paul caused a significant delay by insisting on a subpoena before providing his military records. Moreover, dilatory tactics have been held as justifying other relief, including monetary relief, even in child support cases. That remedy was suggested in Cumberland and considered and declined by the chancellor in this case.
¶22. Downward retroactive modification of child support remains prohibited by both statute and stare decisis provided by our highest court, which we must follow.
The “monetary relief” mentioned by Judge Fair refers to footnote 6, at page 847, in Cumberland, which says: “Where the non-movant engages in dilatory tactics and causes unreasonable delay, the trial court should not hesitate to exercise its inherent powers and order sanctions as may be appropriate.” In a previous footnote, as well as in the body of its opinion, the court specifically ruled out retroactive reduction.
I might add that retroactive downward modification has another inherent impediment in that each installment of child support becomes vested and a judgment in favor of the payee as and when due, and may not be reduced or modified by the trial court. See, e.g., Brand v. Brand, 482 So.2d 236, 237 (Miss. 1996).
If Paul is to change the law, he will have to look to the MSSC to get that done, which will now require him to file for rehearing before the COA, and a subsequent petition for cert to the MSSC. He may be staking his chips on that four-member minority in A.M.L. and the hope that turnover in the meanwhile may produce a more favorable result. We’ll see.
The Ultimate “To Kill a Mockingbird” Quiz
June 28, 2013 § 8 Comments
You can try your hand at this Ultimate To Kill a Mockingbird Quiz.
FYI, I lucked out and scored 15/20, which, once you get a look at the questions, you might agree is a fairly handsome score.
I’ve already disclosed here that TKM is one of my all-time favorite book/movie combinations. It had much to do with my gravitation toward the legal profession.
Just for laughs, post your quiz score as a comment. I’ll bet the scores will be all over the ball park.
REPRISE: Perils of Process by Publication, Episode Three
June 27, 2013 § Leave a comment
Reprise replays some blog posts of note from the past that may be of some use to you today …
PERILS OF PROCESS BY PUBLICATION, EPISODE THREE
June 27, 2011 § 3 Comments
You can read here and here some of the snares in MRCP 4 that can snap painfully on the unwary. Unwary = those who don’t bother to read the rules.
MRCP 4 publication claimed its latest victim on June 14, 2011, in the COA case of Turner v. Deutsche Bank. In that case, the bank filed a judicial foreclosure and published process to Angela Turner. The original complaint recited Angela’s address, and the bank duly sent its process server there, only to discover that she had moved, whereabouts unknown. At that point, without amending its pleadings or filing an affidavit of diligent inquiry, Deutsche published process and a chancellor signed a default judgment finding, among other things, that the court had jurisdiction.
Angela awoke to what had happened and filed an MRCP 60 motion to set aside the judgment, and the original chancellor recused herself. Her successor overruled Angela’s motion in part because the court had already ruled that it had jurisdiction.
The court of appeals reversed and remanded. Here are some pertinent excerpts from the decision:
- “Deutsche Bank attempted to serve Turner by publication under Rule 4(c)(4), which provides for situations where the defendant cannot be found within the state. Publication of the summons must be made once a week for three consecutive weeks in the public newspaper of the county if one exists, as in our case. M.R.C.P. 4(c)(4)(B). But service by this method is only permitted “[i]f the defendant . . . be shown by sworn complaint or sworn petition, or by a filed affidavit, to be a nonresident of this state or not to be found therein on diligent inquiry.” M.R.C.P. 4(c)(4)(A).”
- “¶10. The affidavit or sworn complaint must also state the defendant’s post-office address, if known, or swear that it could not be determined after a diligent inquiry. Id. If the postoffice address is listed, the sworn petition or affidavit must further provide the defendant’s street address or that it could not be determined after a diligent inquiry. M.R.C.P. 4(c)(4)(B). And if the plaintiff provides a post-office address, the clerk must mail the defendant (by firstclass mail, postage pre-paid) a copy of the summons and complaint to his post-office address, and note having done so on the general docket. M.R.C.P. 4(c)(4)(C). “
- “¶12. The rules on service of process are to be strictly construed. If they have not been complied with, the court is without jurisdiction unless the defendant appears of his own volition.” Kolikas v. Kolikas, 821 So. 2d 874, 878 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2002) (internal citation omitted). Actual notice does not cure defective process. See, e.g., Mosby v. Gandy, 375 So. 2d 1024, 1027 (Miss. 1979). “Even if a defendant is aware of a suit, the failure to comply with rules for the service of process, coupled with the failure of the defendant voluntarily to appear, prevents a judgment from being entered against him.” Sanghi, 759 So. 2d at 1257 (¶33). [Emphasis added]
- “¶13. In Kolikas, we found a chancellor erred in failing to set aside a divorce decree, where the plaintiff attempted service by publication without strictly complying with the requirements of Rule 4(c)(4). Kolikas, 821 So. 2d at 879 (¶32). We observed that a defendant is “under no obligation to notice what is going on in a cause in court against him, unless the court has gotten jurisdiction of him in some manner recognized by law.” Id. at 878 (¶17).” [Emphasis added]
- In the petition or affidavit, the plaintiff must certify to the court, among other things, that the defendant is a nonresident or cannot be found in Mississippi.
- This conclusion is supported by the supreme court’s decision in Caldwell v. Caldwell, 533 So. 2d at 415. There, the supreme court noted that Rule 4(c)(4)(A) was substantially the same as the statute in place before the adoption of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. The Caldwell court found instructive and quoted favorably a pre-rules treatise’s comment that “[a]n affidavit to support process by publication must strictly comply with the statute and if it omit[s] averment of diligent inquiry it is insufficient.” Id. at 416 (quoting Griffith, Mississippi Chancery Practice , Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. 225-27 (1925)). And “where notice by publication is resorted to . . . as a basis for the jurisdiction of the court, in lieu of personal summons[,] all the requirements of the statute as to such notice must be strictly complied with[.]” Id. at 415 (emphasis added). Rule 4(c)(4)(A) is equally clear that the plaintiff must attest that he has performed a diligent inquiry before performing service by publication. It is no less true today that a sworn averment of diligent inquiry must be made to effectuate proper service by publication. “[Emphasis added]
- “Rule 60(b) provides that the court may relieve a party from a final judgment if one of the stated conditions is met. One such condition exists where “the judgment is void.” M.R.C.P. 60(b)(4). Our supreme court has held that “[a] court must have . . . proper service of process . . . in order to enter a default judgment against a party. Otherwise, the default judgment is void.” McCain v. Dauzat, 791 So. 2d 839, 842 (¶7) (Miss. 2001) (internal citation omitted). Although “[t]he grant or denial of a 60(b) motion is generally within the discretion of the trial court, . . . [i]f the judgment is void, the trial court has no discretion.”
So here’s what you need to take away from this case:
First, if you’re going to obtain process by publication, you are going to have to comply with every technical requirement of MRCP 4(c)(4). The rule is to be strictly construed.
Second, if you have not been able to discover the whereabouts of the other party for service of process, you must file your affidavit of diligent inquiry before you publish. Filing it later will not work.
Third, if you do not comply strictly with the rule, your judgment will be void and subject to being set aside. In other words, you client will have paid you for accomplishing nothing, and maybe even for putting him in a worse position. That usually makes a client peeved enough to sue somebody.
This is yet another in a long list of decisions that would have had an entirely different outcome if counsel had simply taken a few minutes to read the rule and do what it says.
Equitable Distribution of Hidden Assets
June 26, 2013 § 2 Comments
What do you do when one party hides assets she claims are separate, and refuses to divulge their whereabouts? You divide them anyway. At least that is what happened in Wilson v. Wilson, decided June 11, 2013, by the COA.
Penny and Gregory Wilson had the kind of financial arrangement that one sees from time to time in a divorce case. Penny made most of the income, apparently, and the parties maintained completely separate banking and finances. Gregory paid Penny a sum that they agreed was one-half of the household expenses, and some extra money when he worked odd jobs or when Penny wanted to go on vacation. One might say that Gregory was renting his marriage.
Penny was quite the financial wizard. She had managed to accumulate more than $200,000 in a credit union account, but she withdrew the money before trial and, according to the COA opinion, she ” … declined to reveal where she had placed the funds from that account” (¶ 4). She also managed to squirrel away some cash in several CD’s, but she cashed those in also, and when asked where the cash was, she ” … refused to reveal its location to the chancery court” (¶ 6).
Now, let’s stop right there.
What exactly is any self-respecting chancellor to do when confronted with a party who blatantly and wantonly refuses to comply with the express dictates of UCCR 8.05?
Rule 8.05(a) requires these disclosures:
A detailed written statement of actual income and expenses and assets and liabilities, such statement to be on the forms attached hereto as Exhibit “A”, copies of the preceding year’s Federal and State Income Tax returns, in full form as filed, or copies of W-2s if the return has not yet been filed; and, a general statement of the providing party describing employment history and earnings from the inception of the marriage or from the date of divorce, whichever is applicable …
There is no exception for separate property, or what one claims to be separate, or any other financial information. The rule specifically requires disclosure of actual income and expenses, as well as assets and liabilities, without exception.
The rule also states that:
The failure to observe this rule, without just cause, shall constitute contempt of Court for which the Court shall impose appropriate sanctions and penalties.
What the chancellor chose to do here was to divide the assets between Penny and Gregory, over Penny’s protestation that Gregory had not contributed to their accumulation, and that they were separate. In affirming the chancellor’s ruling, the COA pointed out that the burden was on Penny to prove the non-marital character of the assets (¶ 14), which she failed to do.
I guess that the chancellor decided that Penny had, in fact, disclosed the assets as required in UCCR 8.05, to the extent that she subjected them to adjudication, and her attempt to conceal them would not shield them from execution. Still, I find it troubling that a party could take the stand and expressly refuse to be candid and forthright about her assets, for a couple of reasons:
- There already exists a “fudge factor” in most financial statements. It’s not uncommon for parties to overestimate their expenses, overlook overtime and bonuses, and minimize self-employment income. When a party takes the stand and professes to be hiding assets, that kicks it up to an entirely different level.
- When one hides assets, no one knows for sure exactly how much money or value we are dealing with. Penny disclosed that there was $217,000 in the credit union account, but if she divulged the institution and account number, discovery might have found the real balance to be more like $300,000. And there is nothing in the COA opinion to show that Penny ever told the balance that had been in the CD’s.
I can’t say that I would have overlooked Penny’s intransigence.
I also don’t understand how Gregory’s lawyer did not raise cane before trial over the secretion of more than $200,000 in cash and CD’s. Gregory had a substantial stake in establishing their true value. The chancellor awarded him 40% of the credit union money. There is a big difference between 40% of 200,000 and 40% of $300,000.
Pitfall in Proving Parentage Produces a Pratfall
June 25, 2013 § 1 Comment
The COA decision in Ivy v. Ivy, decided December 11, 2012, is a tour de force analysis of the hearsay rule and the parentage presumption. It’s far beyond the scope of this humble blog to break the 30-page majority and 10-page dissenting opinions down in detail, but the case bears mentioning for a few points:
- If you intend to offer a document into evidence that pertains to a material fact and is circumstantially trustworthy but not within any of the specific hearsay exceptions, it may not be admitted unless you first comply with MRE 803(24), which requires you to give the other side notice of it and an opportunity to “prepare to meet it.”
- Even self-authenticated documents under MRE 902 require prior notice to opposing counsel before they may be admitted at trial.
- The majority opinion’s analysis of the confusing welter of statutes for acknowledgment of paternity may be helpful to you, particularly in a wrongful-death setting as was the case here.
In Ivy, the battle was to determine who were the heirs at law and wrongful-death beneficiaries. There was a lot at stake, because the decedent had been killed in a car-train collision in Kemper County, which had the potential to produce a lucrative verdict or settlement.
The chancellor admitted into evidence an affidavit and DNA test that supported the conclusion that the decedent’s mother and siblings were the only heirs and wrongful-death beneficiaries. The COA ruled, after detailed analysis, that the chancellor should not have admitted the affidavit and DNA report into evidence. The case was remanded for “further proceedings consistent with this opinion.” To me, this means that the parties are headed for a do-over, with the COA majority opinion as a road map to a proper conclusion.
Clarifying Judgments Clarified
June 24, 2013 § Leave a comment
You may recall Eddie and Fannie Cotton’s first trip to the COA. In Cotton v. Cotton, 44 So.2d 371 (Miss. App. 2010), the court affirmed the chancellor’s equitable distribution in a case where the judge found the marriage void as bigamous. The case is of interest not only for that point, but also because the chancellor did not apply — or even mention — the Ferguson factors in her division. It’s a case you should go back and read when you have time.
Part of that affirmed 2010 division was an award of 40% of Eddie’s retirement from employment with Solae LLC during the void marriage. It seems that Eddie omitted the retirement account on his 8.05 financial statement, mentioning it only in his testimony, so the judge did the best she could do and simply awarded the percentage based on his employment with the company.
The problem with that award, as anyone who has dealt with the backwash of a divorce can tell you, is that no plan administrator will honor a QDRO that does not specifically and accurately identify the plan. So, a judgment that says something like “40% of any retirement plan that Eddie participated in while employed with Solae LLC,” is going to be met with a firm “uh-uh” by the plan administrator, which is exactly what happened here. What to do?
Fannie’s lawyers scurried back to court and asked the judge to “interpret” her prior judgment to provide that the retirement account was with the Bakers and Confectioners Union (B&CU), which was the actual plan in which Eddie participated during his employment with Solae LLC.
The chancellor granted the motion, concluding that the prior judgment had intended to award Fannie 40% of whatever retirement fund Eddie had participated in while employed with Solae LLC, and since Eddie himself had failed to provide the specific information, the court could and should clarify its prior ruling to specify that it pertained to the B&CU account, which was, in fact, the retirement account he had accumulated during his Solae employment.
Eddie appealed, taking the position that the chancellor impermissibly changed and broadened the scope of the original judgment.
In Cotton v. Cotton, handed down December 11, 2012, the COA affirmed, concluding that the trial court’s order ” … is neither an improper reconsideration nor an alteration of the prior judgment … ” and was not an abuse of discretion.
I call this decision to your attention for several points:
- This case highlights a way you can solve that QDRO dilemma that so many practitioners face when trying to put the divorce judgment in effect. It’s not that uncommon to get that letter from the plan admin that denies your client any relief.
- It seems that a subpoena duces tecum instanter might just have produced the information that was needed. I believe that I would have authorized it from the bench.
- I wonder why the accurate account information was not fleshed out in discovery? Remember this: if you come to trial with incomplete information, the chancellor will only have two ways to proceed: (1) stop everything and make you go back and do what you should have done in the first place; or (2) proceed and do the best she can with the faulty record before her. A caveat: before you put the burden on the judge to do your work for you, go back and read the MSSC decision in Collins v. Collins. It might persuade you to go a different route.
The real story here is not so much that chancellors can go back and elucidate their judgments to make them do what they were intended to do, but also that lawyers need to be diligent to foil the opposing party’s efforts to conceal and evade disclosure. If you leave it solely up to the judge, you might be disappointed in the outcome.
Children as Messengers
June 20, 2013 § 2 Comments
Robert Lyles and Christal Carpenter had a child together whom they named Emily Lyles. They entered into an agreed order under which Christal had custody of Emily. Robert was to have some specified visitation and telephone contact with the child. They also agreed to the following:
“[S]chool and extracurricular activities of the minor child shall be communicated to the other parent when the receiving parent first receives notice of the event and any associate[d] preparation dates, including date, time and place so as to allow both parties to attend when possible.”
Robert sued Christal for contempt claiming that she violated the agreed order by: (1) not allowing him alternating weekend visitation; (2) not notifying him of Emily’s extracurricular activities; and (3) not allowing him his telephone contact with the child.
In her defense to point (2), Christal averred that she had notfied Robert because Emily had her school backpack with her when she visited, in which were notes from the school about the extracurricular activities. She took the position that she was not in contempt because Robert had notice, if only he would take the trouble to look through Emily’s backpack.
The chancellor found Christal in contempt:
[T]he reason [the contenpt] is willful is because you assume that he should go through the backpack of your daughter … and find that document out, find that information out by himself. That [is not] what the Order says. It says as soon as you find out about that, you need to notify him. You [cannot] assume he got it from somewhere.
Christal appealed, and the COA, in Carpenter v. Lyles, decided May 28, 2013, affirmed.
I write to say that I, too, would have found Christal in contempt. As the chancellor said here, there is no question that Christal’s conduct violated not only the letter, but also the spirit and intent of the provision. It was her duty to communicate immediately and directly with Emily’s father, which she failed to do. I would have found an additional failure here, however.
My firm opinion is that parents may not discharge their responsibilities by shirking them off on the child. Christal was wrong, I would say, by leaving it up to Emily to be her messenger. There are several points here to consider:
- When parent A tasks the child to communicate information to parent B, parent A is putting the child squarely in the middle of what is quite often a conflict-ridden situation.
- What punishment should the child receive for garbling the message or confusing the reply?
- When the child is the messenger, parents are in a position to weigh the child down with adult, parental concerns that should be none of the child’s business or source of worry.
- A child used as a messenger is often used as a bearer of critical and demeaning communications between adults.
- Using the child as a messenger teaches the child that she is more important to the parents as a conduit of communiqués between combatants than she is as a beloved child.
- Using the child as a messenger enlists the child as an ally to one side or the other, usually to the more embittered, negative side that has more invested in the twisted process.
No parent should be allowed to discharge his or her parental duties by proxy through a child. It’s damaging to the child, and definitely not in her best interest.
I would encourage you to counsel with your clients to find ways to interact with opposing parents in an adult way that leaves children completely out of the conflict between them.
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